How and What

Red Panda Red panda are the smallest members of panda species found in Himalayan ranges. They are very beautiful and highly endangered species. There are lesser than 10000 mature red pandas left in the world. Deforestation is the reason for their condition as their natural space is shrinking.  They are generally hidden in the trees and are difficult to be seen. Red panda are also known as cat bear as their bodies are of almost same size as that of house cat. Their tail is almost half the size of their body and is used to balance their body on trees. They are arboreal mammals and most of their life is spent on trees. These creatures are mostly silent except for some twittering. They are admitted to both bear as well as raccoon family as they share the raccoon’s famous ringed tail. They are mostly shy and solitary mammals except mating period. These are most active during nights and dusk and dawn. These use their ringed tail to wrap around their bodies and sleep during winter

Wormhole A shortcut through space-time which is also known as Einstein-Rosen Bridge which is a hypothetical topological feature of space-time is known as wormhole. A wormhole is a hypothetical phenomenon and there is no practical definition of existence of a wormhole. In theory, a wormhole is a bridge whose two ends are connected to very distant places and we can switch between the places in almost no time. Sometimes wormhole is also said to be a medium of time travel. Wormholes have a very strong theoretical ground hence physicists use this as a medium to explain general relativity. The first type of wormhole solution discovered was Schwarzschild wormhole which would be present in Schwarzschild matric describing an eternal black hole.it was found that this type of wormhole would collapse so early after their formation that it is impossible to pass through them. For traversable wormholes to occur, exotic matter with negative energy density is required. Many physicists believe th

Non-conventional sources of energy Our world is totally dependent on power, either from sun or from mines. We can assume our world to be in a race to consume more and more power. For natural process, infrared and visible radiations from sun are enough but the world created by us needs petrol, diesel and coal to run. These sources are derived from the deep earth. Though we have huge masses of these resources buried inside the earth, but every treasure has a limit if not recharged. When organic substances like dead bodies and leaves are buried inside the depths of earth by some natural process for millions of years, then the immense pressure and heat converts them into coal and petroleum. These require millions of years to produce, but can be consumed in less than a few hundred years. We have been using these resources since almost 200 years and it is estimated that it will finish within 100 more years if we keep using them at the same pace. Also they are bad for ecosystem since coa

Astronomical Unit Astronomical unit is the unit of length which is used by astronomers to measure shorter distances or sizes of terrestrial bodies in space. For extremely long distances we use light years but for defining distances comparable to the size of our solar system, we need a unit which is smaller than a light year but much bigger than kilometers. Its symbol is ‘ au ’. For solving this purpose International Astronomical Union defined one astronomical unit as the length in 1976, for which the value of Gaussian Gravitational Constant becomes 0.01720209895 . This is the value when astronomical units of length and mass are used for measurement. Another definition is that the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with an angular velocity of 0.01720209895 radians per day is called one astronomical unit. One more definition is that when we are to describe the position of an object in the solar system,

Supernova Supernova is an enormous explosion which is caused when either a dead star collapses due to its own gravity or due to collision of two massive black holes. These super powerful explosions are so bright that they can over shine even an entire galaxy and its light can be seen for months. These are one of the most powerful cosmic activities and radiate more energy than the entire energy radiated by a star in its whole lifespan. The life of the luster caused by a supernova is very small as compared to the life of a star. A supernova explosion is the reason for the enormous gamma ray bursts which shoots out tiny particles and harmful electromagnetic waves, most of which is gamma ray. There are various postulates and theories about supernova explosion, some of which are formation of neutron stars, preon stars, boson stars, strange stars and electroweak stars. These hypothetical stars have been described mainly to solve various equations of general relativity. In some c

Red Giant Red giants are the ending stages of a star which has exhausted all its hydrogen at its core and has started to consume the hydrogen from its outer shell. Only the stars with smaller mass i.e. 0.3 to 8 solar masses become red giant at the end of its life. When the hydrogen in the inner core of the star is fully consumed then the nuclear fusion reaction starts shifting in the outer shells. When the outermost shells of the star start burning, then the core contracts due to its own gravity. This creates an empty space between the core and the outer shell. The outer shell of the star keeps expanding. This expansion is so massive that its radius becomes 100 times bigger than the radius of our sun. Though the core doesn’t burn, even then it is hotter than the expanding shell. The outer shell radiates lesser energy than our sun still it is much brighter because of its extra-large size. The surface temperature of this outer envelope is low, that is why it appears reddish oran

Nebula An interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases is called nebula. Basically nebula was the designation for any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies other than Milky Way. A nebula may be formed either by supernova explosion when the gases released by the explosion are diffused by the low frequency electromagnetic radiations caused due to the explosions. These diffused ionized gases illuminate under the visible wavelength. Another type of nebula is formed when gases collapse under their own gravitational pull. A massive star is formed at the center and its radiation causes the surrounding  gases  to shine.  In easy language, a nebula is a huge collection of dust and gas in the free space. It is bound together due to its own gravity and has a fading luster. Nebula forms very beautiful shapes and colors in the space. Related Articles:  Astronomical Unit ,  Supernova ,  Red Giant ,  Exotic Star ,  Black hole ,  White Dwarf ,  W

Strange stars and their types An exotic star is a compact star whose constituents are not neutron, proton and electrons, rather it contains quarks or strange matter or preon or bosons. Exotic stars are theoretical stars but in April 2002, Chandra X-ray observatory observed two stars that has properties similar to that of quark stars. These stars were designated to be ‘ RX J 1856.5-3754’ and ‘3C 58’ . In past they were considered as neutron stars but later it was found that ‘ RX J 1856.5-3754’ was too smaller and ‘3C 58’ was too colder than it should be according to laws of physics. This proposed that these may be composed of something other than atoms. This sparked the theory of presence of something other than protons, neutrons and electrons. Quark stars It is a theory that neutrons may also break into more basic components like quarks if sufficient gravitational pressure is applied. A quark star is denser than normal stars since it is made up of smaller matter than pr

Black hole A black hole is a heavenly body with highest possible density and it attracts the other bodies of the universe towards itself with the strongest gravitational pull, capable of even trapping the light. A black hole is not a hole in reality, but a massive body which contains the mass of millions of stars in it. It is shrunk into a very small volume as compared to its mass and if we scratch out 1 cm 3 of matter from its periphery then it would have mass equal of many tons. This unimaginable density of black hole is the result of its extremely high mass causing its compression up to such limits in the effect of the gravity caused by its mass. Many would ask that why did it not shrink when it was a burning star since it had a very high mass at that time too, well it did't because at that time, it was a burning star which lights up because of nuclear fusion reaction inside it causing an outward thrust and thus resisting compression. A black hole forms when a very massi

White Dwarf A white dwarf is a dead star of comparatively lower mass i.e. approximately 1.3 to 8 solar masses that has all its solar fuel after burning for millions of years and now is in a constant process of cooling. Its color appears white because of the heat radiated from its surface. When a star has consumed all its hydrogen then combustion stops. Since nuclear fusion inside the core of the star stops therefore, the outward pressure due to this combustion declines and star starts compacting due to the enormous gravity produced by its mass. Star heats up more due to this and the rest of the hydrogen also burns in the outer layer of the star causing the outermost layer to expand. This expansion is so massive that it can eat a whole solar system comparable to that of the size of our solar system. This stage of a star is called red giant stage. Due to its large size, the surface is cooler than its core. The core of this red giant is completely made of helium which has be

White hole Hypothetical image of a white hole In general relativity, white hole is a hypothetical region of space time.  It is completely reverse of a black hole as it is white in color nothing can enter a white hole from outside rather things comes out from a white hole.  In reality, nothing like a white hole exists and there is no physical phenomenon that can explain the formation of a white hole. There is a hypothetical theory that tells that white holes are eternal black holes i.e. they are time reverse of black holes. As a black hole attracts everything and absorbs all the matter, a white hole is a black hole rewinding back in time, so everything comes out of the white hole. Theory says that white hole too have mass, charge and angular momentum and hence we may think that they should also attract things towards them, but it is not so, since time flows backward for a white hole and anything moving towards the white hole is actually escaping away from a black hole. It is

Stem Cells Stem cells are the basic building blocks of all the organs in our body. These are the undifferentiated cells which differentiate into different specialized cell types. When an embryo comes into origin in the womb, then it is considered that it contains a large number of stem cells. These cells convert into various organs and form a fetus. Stem cells have a magnificent property to change itself into any type of cell. They can also divide themselves through mitosis to produce more stem cells. These are found in mammals only. They are basically of two types, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the inner cell mass of the blastocysts and adult stem cells are found in various tissues of brain, bone marrow, blood, skeletal muscles, skin and liver. In adults they remain in in active and non-dividing state until the body is attacked by some disease or injury. Categories on the base of potency Stem cells are categorized according to their

Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation is a process of suspending a body in air without any support. This is done with the help of magnetic field. In this process the object being levitated doesn’t touch the base as gravitational force and other types of external forces are overcome by magnetic repulsion. Though this seems fascinating, but it is really difficult to stabilize the levitation so that it can be used for practical applications. Since we need to regulate the movement of the suspended body in all six axes i.e. 3 spatial and 3 rotational, for this at least 1 stable axis must be present to support the levitation of other axes. For stable levitation attractive magnetic field may also be used to stabilize one axis. We also have an option of pseudo levitation in which, the object is supported by both, magnetic field as well as mechanical support. This helps in reducing friction due to the surface contact of the support and object being levitated. We can see a v

Artificial Intelligence In general we are addicted to machines which only act as helpers in our daily life and we need to switch them i.e. to instruct them in order to get help. We humans have great capacity of analyzing situations, comparing, planning and taking decisions, but we can’t do all works with our hands due to our limitations like fatigue, little accuracy as compared to machines, fragile body and lesser memory as compared to machines. Also we cannot work with the same speed as that of the machines with equal accuracy. It is also a point that, “what’s the need to work when we have made machines for it.” Also there are various fields like medical, engineering, mining, cleaning, where it is impossible to think of doing anything without a machine. In our present situations, either we have operators or program based robots which operate our machines and do all important things. Though robots are new installments in the field of machines, even then they need a comp

Web crawlers Web crawler is software used for indexing of the URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) available on web. It browses the whole World Wide Web systematically and makes a list of all the URLs to be visited. When the web crawler visits all the URLs, it starts identifying all the hyperlinks associated with the URLs and adds them to the list of URLs being visited. Since there is enormous amount of data on the web to crawl, therefore, this process is slow. Accurate tracking of crawlers becomes difficult because of this since a large number of new URLs may have been created or deleted during this time period. Blog A blog is a personal website. It has such features that make it very easy to be used and updated. You can manage your blog as your email account. It also has a feature that you can invite people to contribute as authors in your blog. If you maintain it well enough to be liked by people, you can earn from it by registering for advertisements, you’ll

100 Bestselling Books of the World and their author Serial no. Name of the book Author 1 The Holy Bible Various 2 Quotations from Chairman Mao         Mao Tse-Tung 3 The American Spelling Book Noah Webster 4 Guinness Book of World Records Mark C. Young 5 World Almanac           World Almanac Editors 6 The McGuffey Readers            William Holmes McGuffey 7   The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care    Benjamin Spock 8 A Message to Garcia    Elbert Hubbard    9 In His Steps, What Would Jesus Do? Charles Monroe Sheldon 10 Valley of the Dolls        Jacqueline Susann 11 The Da Vinci Code Dan Brown 12 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows J.K. Rowling 13 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone J.K.