How and What

London Sewerage System London Sewerage system, which was constructed in late 19 th century, has been considered to be one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Industrial World’. The system is so significant because of being so old and for its elaborate and complex functionality. The system has been upgraded several times since its construction in order to support the growing population and it is still being upgraded. The sewerage system is complex and several hundred miles long and has been given significance in various novels as a major part of the story and documentaries too have been made on the system.

Bell Rock Lighthouse Bell Rock is the world’s oldest surviving sea lighthouse constructed on an offshore reef in Scotland and is one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Industrial World’ because of the challenges that were faced in building the lighthouse. It has been constructed on a rock named as Bell Rock which was named so because of an attempt to install a warning bell on it in 14 th century.  Though the bell was successfully installed, it was stolen by a Dutch pirate after just one year of installation. Being an offshore reef, Bell Rock was a major cause of Shipwreck before the construction of the lighthouse in 1810, since it remained immersed for about 20 hours a day even in low tide. Around 6 ships were lost every winter and more than 60 ships were lost in one storm. The construction of Bell Rock lighthouse was proposed by the Scottish engineer Robert Stevenson in 1799 and the proposal got approved in 1806 after the all the crew of the warship HMS York died in Wreckag...

Seven Wonders of the Underwater World Great Barrier Reef   Belize Barrier Reef   Galapagos Islands Palau   Hydrothermal Vents   Lake Baikal   Red Sea

Red Sea Red sea is situated at the junction of Africa and Asia and is connected to the Indian Ocean through Gulf of Aden. The whole of the water in the Red Sea comes from the Indian Ocean. The regions around the sea are either arid or desert or semi desert due to which the sea water evaporates at a high rate and the salinity is very high. The average salinity of the Red Sea is 40% which is about 4 % more than the average of all salt water bodies of the earth since there are no rivers that drain freshwater into the sea. Red sea has formed due to the continental rift which is still active. The sea is 2250 km long in the Northwest of Indian Ocean, 355 km wide and 2211 m deep. Though the surface temperature of the sea is always higher than 20 0 C even in winters and has high evaporation rate and salinity, the sea supports a rich aquatic life with about 1000 invertebrates and about 200 soft and hard corals because of its depth. There are various theories suggesting the name of the...

Lake Baikal Lake Baikal is a rift lake located in the south of the largest by volume in the world, largest by surface area in Asia, clearest and the deepest in the world and is the largest storage of surface freshwater in the world containing almost 20% of the total surface freshwater in the world. The lake is 636 km long, 79 km wide and 1642 meter deep being the deepest freshwater lake in the world. The lake was formed when a rift was formed by the moving apart of tectonic plates. The lake is supposed to be around 25 million years old, still expanding at the rate of 2 cm per year. The bottom of the lake is 1186.5 meter below the sea level, below which, there is 7 km thick sediment. Hence the actual depth of the rift floor comes to be more than 8 km, making it the deepest continental rift in the world. The lake is divided into three basins, North Central and South of Russian region of Siberia. There are 27 islands in the lake and the lake was misunderstood to be a ...

Hydrothermal Vents Hydrothermal vents are the fissures in the surface of the ocean from where, sea water, which has been drawn into the hydrothermal system through faults, is released with pressure. These vents appear like black smoke and have been enlisted as one of the ‘ Seven Wonders of the Underwater World’ . Mostly these hydrothermal vents occur along mid ocean Ridges, where tectonic plates move apart or the place with volcanic activity. The water released from the vents is geo thermally heated and carries various minerals with it which is good for the corals, bacteria and other aquatic species, though the condition is not the same at extreme depths. At extreme depths, the water released is in its supercritical stage, remaining liquid at temperatures up to 465 0 C due to extremely high pressure. It is believed that hydrothermal vents are very important for generation of life on earth and a ccording to the theory of Iron Sulfur World , proposed by Gunter Wachtershauser...

Belize Barrier Reef Belize Barrier Reef is located on the coast of Belize in the region of Latin America and Caribbean. It is the longest coral system after the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia Barrier Reef. It is 300 meters wide and 900 meters long on the coast of Belize, and is a major tourist attraction for the world, famous for Scuba diving and Snorkeling. Around half of the total tourists of Belize come to visit Belize Barrier Reef. Belize is the first country in the world to put a complete ban on Bottom trawling, in order to prevent this endangered reef system. This Reef system is a World Heritage Site and is one of the ‘ Seven Wonders of the Underwater World’ . Belize Barrier Reef was described by Charles Darwin in 1842 as the “Most Remarkable Reef in West Indies”. Belize Barrier Reef is facing danger from various human activities like excessive tourism and boating. Many natural factors like Storms, increase in Oceanic temperature is much responsible f...